Cascading Style Sheets, Level 2


Cascading Style Sheets, Level 2
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REC-CSS2-19980512
Cascading Style Sheets, level 2CSS2 Specification
W3C Recommendation 12-May-1998
This version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512
Latest version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2
Previous version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/PR-CSS2-19980324
Editors:
Bert Bos
<bbos@w3.org>
H&aring;kon Wium Lie
<howcome@w3.org>
Chris Lilley
<chris@w3.org>
Ian Jacobs
<ij@w3.org>
Abstract
This specification defines Cascading Style Sheets, level 2
(CSS2). CSS2 is a style sheet language that allows authors and users
to attach style (e.g., fonts, spacing, and aural cues) to structured
documents (e.g., HTML documents and XML applications). By separating
the presentation style of documents from the content of documents,
CSS2 simplifies Web authoring and site maintenance.
CSS2 builds on CSS1 (see [CSS1]) and, with very few exceptions,
all valid CSS1 style sheets are valid CSS2 style sheets. CSS2 supports
media-specific style sheets so that authors may tailor the
presentation of their documents to visual browsers, aural devices,
printers, braille devices, handheld devices, etc. This specification
also supports content positioning, downloadable fonts, table layout,
features for internationalization, automatic counters and numbering,
and some properties related to user interface.
Status of this document
This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested
parties and has been endorsed by the Director as a W3C
Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference
material or cited as a normative reference from another
document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention
to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This
enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.
A list of current W3C Recommendations and other technical documents
can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR.
Public discussion of CSS features takes place on www-style@w3.org.
Available formats
The CSS2 specification is available in the following formats:
HTML:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512
a plain text file:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/css2.txt,
HTML as a gzip'ed tar file:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/css2.tgz,
HTML as a zip file (this is a '.zip' file not an '.exe'):
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/css2.zip,
as well as a gzip'ed PostScript file:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/css2.ps.gz,
and a PDF file:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/css2.pdf.
In case of a discrepancy between the various forms of the
specification, http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512 is
considered the definitive version.
Available languages
The English version of this specification is the only normative
version. However, for translations in other languages see http://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/translations.html.
Errata The list of known errors in this specification is
available at http://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/REC-CSS2-19980512-errata.html.
Please report errors in this document to css2-editors@w3.org.
Quick Table of Contents
1 About the CSS2 Specification
2 Introduction to CSS2
3 Conformance: Requirements and Recommendations
4 CSS2 syntax and basic data types
5 Selectors
6 Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance
7 Media types
8 Box model
9 Visual formatting model
10 Visual formatting model details
11 Visual effects
12 Generated content, automatic numbering, and lists
13 Paged media
14 Colors and Backgrounds
15 Fonts
16 Text
17 Tables
18 User interface
19 Aural style sheets
Appendix A. A sample style sheet for HTML 4.0
Appendix B. Changes from CSS1
Appendix C. Implementation and performance notes for fonts
Appendix D. The grammar of CSS2
Appendix E. References
Appendix F. Property index
Appendix G. Descriptor index
Appendix H. Index
Full Table of Contents
1 About the CSS2 Specification
1.1 Reading the specification
1.2 How the specification is organized
1.3 Conventions
1.3.1 Document language elements and attributes
1.3.2 CSS property definitions
Value
Initial
Applies to
Inherited
Percentage values
Media groups
1.3.3 Shorthand properties
1.3.4 Notes and examples
1.3.5 Images and long descriptions
1.4 Acknowledgments
1.5 Copyright Notice
2 Introduction to CSS2
2.1 A brief CSS2 tutorial for HTML
2.2 A brief CSS2 tutorial for XML
2.3 The CSS2 processing model
2.3.1 The canvas
2.3.2 CSS2 addressing model
2.4 CSS design principles
3 Conformance: Requirements and Recommendations
3.1 Definitions
3.2 Conformance
3.3 Error conditions
3.4 The text/css content type
4 CSS2 syntax and basic data types
4.1 Syntax
4.1.1 Tokenization
4.1.2 Keywords
4.1.3 Characters and case
4.1.4 Statements
4.1.5 At-rules
4.1.6 Blocks
4.1.7 Rule sets, declaration blocks, and selectors
4.1.8 Declarations and properties
4.1.9 Comments
4.2 Rules for handling parsing errors
4.3 Values
4.3.1 Integers and real numbers
4.3.2 Lengths
4.3.3 Percentages
4.3.4 URL + URN = URI
4.3.5 Counters
4.3.6 Colors
4.3.7 Angles
4.3.8 Times
4.3.9 Frequencies
4.3.10 Strings
4.4 CSS document representation
4.4.1 Referring to characters not represented in a character encoding
5 Selectors
5.1 Pattern matching
5.2 Selector syntax
5.2.1 Grouping
5.3 Universal selector
5.4 Type selectors
5.5 Descendant selectors
5.6 Child selectors
5.7 Adjacent sibling selectors
5.8 Attribute selectors
5.8.1 Matching attributes and attribute values
5.8.2 Default attribute values in DTDs
5.8.3 Class selectors
5.9 ID selectors
5.10 Pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes
5.11 Pseudo-classes
5.11.1 :first-child pseudo-class
5.11.2 The link pseudo-classes: :link and :visited
5.11.3 The dynamic pseudo-classes: :hover, :active, and :focus
5.11.4 The language pseudo-class: :lang
5.12 Pseudo-elements
5.12.1 The :first-line pseudo-element
5.12.2 The :first-letter pseudo-element
5.12.3 The :before and :after pseudo-elements
6 Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance
6.1 Specified, computed, and actual values
6.1.1 Specified values
6.1.2 Computed values
6.1.3 Actual values
6.2 Inheritance
6.2.1 The 'inherit' value
6.3 The @import rule
6.4 The cascade
6.4.1 Cascading order
6.4.2 !important rules
6.4.3 Calculating a selector's specificity
6.4.4 Precedence of non-CSS presentational hints
7 Media types
7.1 Introduction to media types
7.2 Specifying media-dependent style sheets
7.2.1 The @media rule
7.3 Recognized media types
7.3.1 Media groups
8 Box model
8.1 Box dimensions
8.2 Example of margins, padding, and borders
8.3 Margin properties: 'margin-top', 'margin-right', 'margin-bottom', 'margin-left', and 'margin'
8.3.1 Collapsing margins
8.4 Padding properties: 'padding-top', 'padding-right', 'padding-bottom', 'padding-left', and 'padding'
8.5 Border properties
8.5.1 Border width: 'border-top-width', 'border-right-width', 'border-bottom-width', 'border-left-width', and 'border-width'
8.5.2 Border color: 'border-top-color', 'border-right-color', 'border-bottom-color', 'border-left-color', and 'border-color'
8.5.3 Border style: 'border-top-style', 'border-right-style', 'border-bottom-style', 'border-left-style', and 'border-style'
8.5.4 Border shorthand properties: 'border-top', 'border-bottom', 'border-right', 'border-left', and 'border'
9 Visual formatting model
9.1 Introduction to the visual formatting model
9.1.1 The viewport
9.1.2 Containing blocks
9.2 Controlling box generation
9.2.1 Block-level elements and block boxes
Anonymous block boxes
9.2.2 Inline-level elements and inline boxes
Anonymous inline boxes
9.2.3 Compact boxes
9.2.4 Run-in boxes
9.2.5 The 'display' property
9.3 Positioning schemes
9.3.1 Choosing a positioning scheme: 'position' property
9.3.2 Box offsets: 'top', 'right', 'bottom', 'left'
9.4 Normal flow
9.4.1 Block formatting context
9.4.2 Inline formatting context
9.4.3 Relative positioning
9.5 Floats
9.5.1 Positioning the float: the 'float' property
9.5.2 Controlling flow next to floats: the 'clear' property
9.6 Absolute positioning
9.6.1 Fixed positioning
9.7 Relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float'
9.8 Comparison of normal flow, floats, and absolute positioning
9.8.1 Normal flow
9.8.2 Relative positioning
9.8.3 Floating a box
9.8.4 Absolute positioning
9.9 Layered presentation
9.9.1 Specifying the stack level: the 'z-index' property
9.10 Text direction: the 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties
10 Visual formatting model details
10.1 Definition of "containing block"
10.2 Content width: the 'width' property
10.3 Computing widths and margins
10.3.1 Inline, non-replaced elements
10.3.2 Inline, replaced elements
10.3.3 Block-level, non-replaced elements in normal flow
10.3.4 Block-level, replaced elements in normal flow
10.3.5 Floating, non-replaced elements
10.3.6 Floating, replaced elements
10.3.7 Absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements
10.3.8 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements
10.4 Minimum and maximum widths: 'min-width' and 'max-width'
10.5 Content height: the 'height' property
10.6 Computing heights and margins
10.6.1 Inline, non-replaced elements
10.6.2 Inline, replaced elements block-level, replaced elements in normal flow, and floating, replaced elements
10.6.3 Block-level, non-replaced elements in normal flow, and floating, non-replaced elements
10.6.4 Absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements
10.6.5 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements
10.7 Minimum and maximum heights: 'min-height' and 'max-height'
10.8 Line height calculations: the 'line-height' and 'vertical-align' properties
10.8.1 Leading and half-leading
11 Visual effects
11.1 Overflow and clipping
11.1.1 Overflow: the 'overflow' property
11.1.2 Clipping: the 'clip' property
11.2 Visibility: the 'visibility' property
12 Generated content, automatic numbering, and lists
12.1 The :before and :after pseudo-elements
12.2 The 'content' property
12.3 Interaction of :before and :after with 'compact' and 'run-in' elements
12.4 Quotation marks
12.4.1 Specifying quotes with the 'quotes' property
12.4.2 Inserting quotes with the 'content' property
12.5 Automatic counters and numbering
12.5.1 Nested counters and scope
12.5.2 Counter styles
12.5.3 Counters in elements with 'display: none'
12.6 Markers and lists
12.6.1 Markers: the 'marker-offset' property
12.6.2 Lists: the 'list-style-type', 'list-style-image', 'list-style-position', and 'list-style' properties
13 Paged media
13.1 Introduction to paged media
13.2 Page boxes: the @page rule
13.2.1 Page margins
13.2.2 Page size: the 'size' property
Rendering page boxes that do not fit a target sheet
Positioning the page box on the sheet
13.2.3 Crop marks: the 'marks' property
13.2.4 Left, right, and first pages
13.2.5 Content outside the page box
13.3 Page breaks
13.3.1 Break before/after elements: 'page-break-before', 'page-break-after', 'page-break-inside'
13.3.2 Using named pages: 'page'
13.3.3 Breaks inside elements: 'orphans', 'widows'
13.3.4 Allowed page breaks
13.3.5 Forced page breaks
13.3.6 "Best" page breaks
13.4 Cascading in the page context
14 Colors and Backgrounds
14.1 Foreground color: the 'color' property
14.2 The background
14.2.1 Background properties: 'background-color', 'background-image', 'background-repeat', 'background-attachment', 'background-position', and 'background'
14.3 Gamma correction
15 Fonts
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Font specification
15.2.1 Font specification properties
15.2.2 Font family: the 'font-family' property
15.2.3 Font styling: the 'font-style', 'font-variant', 'font-weight' and 'font-stretch' properties
15.2.4 Font size: the 'font-size' and 'font-size-adjust' properties
15.2.5 Shorthand font property: the 'font' property
15.2.6 Generic font families
serif
sans-serif
cursive
fantasy
monospace
15.3 Font selection
15.3.1 Font Descriptions and @font-face
15.3.2 Descriptors for Selecting a Font: 'font-family', 'font-style', 'font-variant', 'font-weight', 'font-stretch' and 'font-size'
15.3.3 Descriptors for Font Data Qualification: 'unicode-range'
15.3.4 Descriptor for Numeric Values: 'units-per-em'
15.3.5 Descriptor for Referencing: 'src'
15.3.6 Descriptors for Matching: 'panose-1', 'stemv', 'stemh', 'slope', 'cap-height', 'x-height', 'ascent', and 'descent'
15.3.7 Descriptors for Synthesis: 'widths', 'bbox' and 'definition-src'
15.3.8 Descriptors for Alignment: 'baseline', 'centerline', 'mathline', and 'topline'
15.3.9 Examples
15.4 Font Characteristics
15.4.1 Introducing Font Characteristics
15.4.2 Full font name
15.4.3 Coordinate units on the em square
15.4.4 Central Baseline
15.4.5 Font Encoding
15.4.6 Font family name
15.4.7 Glyph widths
15.4.8 Horizontal stem width
15.4.9 Height of uppercase glyphs
15.4.10 Height of lowercase glyphs
15.4.11 Lower Baseline
15.4.12 Mathematical Baseline
15.4.13 Maximal bounding box
15.4.14 Maximum unaccented height
15.4.15 Maximum unaccented depth
15.4.16 Panose-1 number
15.4.17 Range of ISO 10646 characters
15.4.18 Top Baseline
15.4.19 Vertical stem width
15.4.20 Vertical stroke angle
15.5 Font matching algorithm
15.5.1 Mapping font weight values to font names
15.5.2 Examples of font matching
16 Text
16.1 Indentation: the 'text-indent' property
16.2 Alignment: the 'text-align' property
16.3 Decoration
16.3.1 Underlining, overlining, striking, and blinking: the 'text-decoration' property
16.3.2 Text shadows: the 'text-shadow' property
16.4 Letter and word spacing: the 'letter-spacing' and 'word-spacing' properties
16.5 Capitalization: the 'text-transform' property
16.6 Whitespace: the 'white-space' property
17 Tables
17.1 Introduction to tables
17.2 The CSS table model
17.2.1 Anonymous table objects
17.3 Column selectors
17.4 Tables in the visual formatting model
17.4.1 Caption position and alignment
17.5 Visual layout of table contents
17.5.1 Table layers and transparency
17.5.2 Table width algorithms: the 'table-layout' property
Fixed table layout
Automatic table layout
17.5.3 Table height algorithms
17.5.4 Horizontal alignment in a column
17.5.5 Dynamic row and column effects
17.6 Borders
17.6.1 The separated borders model
Borders around empty cells: the 'empty-cells' property
17.6.2 The collapsing border model
Border conflict resolution
17.6.3 Border styles
17.7 Audio rendering of tables
17.7.1 Speaking headers: the 'speak-header' property
18 User interface
18.1 Cursors: the 'cursor' property
18.2 User preferences for colors
18.3 User preferences for fonts
18.4 Dynamic outlines: the 'outline' property
18.4.1 Outlines and the focus
18.5 Magnification
19 Aural style sheets
19.1 Introduction to aural style sheets
19.2 Volume properties: 'volume'
19.3 Speaking properties: 'speak'
19.4 Pause properties: 'pause-before', 'pause-after', and 'pause'
19.5 Cue properties: 'cue-before', 'cue-after', and 'cue'
19.6 Mixing properties: 'play-during'
19.7 Spatial properties: 'azimuth' and 'elevation'
19.8 Voice characteristic properties: 'speech-rate', 'voice-family', 'pitch', 'pitch-range', 'stress', and 'richness'
19.9 Speech properties: 'speak-punctuation' and 'speak-numeral'
Appendix A. A sample style sheet for HTML 4.0
Appendix B. Changes from CSS1
B.1 New functionality
B.2 Updated descriptions
B.3 Semantic changes from CSS1
Appendix C. Implementation and performance notes for fonts
C.1 Glossary of font terms
C.2 Font retrieval
C.3 Meaning of the Panose Digits
C.4 Deducing Unicode Ranges for TrueType
C.5 Automatic descriptor generation
Appendix D. The grammar of CSS2
D.1 Grammar
D.2 Lexical scanner
D.3 Comparison of tokenization in CSS2 and CSS1
Appendix E. References
E.1 Normative references
E.2 Informative references
Appendix F. Property index
Appendix G. Descriptor index
Appendix H. Index
Copyright © 1998 W3C (MIT, INRIA, Keio ), All Rights Reserved.
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